The Asclepieion of Athens was the city’s primary sanctuary for the healing god Asclepius, founded in 420 BC. It was constructed on the south slope of the Acropolis to utilize the area's natural springs and proximity to the fortress.

This sanctuary was established following a severe plague that had devastated Athens. Its founding myth describes a serpent bringing divine healing power from the sanctuary at Epidaurus to the new site.

The architectural complex included the Doric Temple of Asclepius and a portico. It also featured the abaton (or enkoimeterion), a hall where the sick would sleep to receive healing dreams from the deity.

The site served as an active healing center for centuries. It finally ceased operations in 529 AD when Roman Emperor Justinian closed all pagan temples.